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1893 painting by Edvard Munch

The Scream
Norwegian: Skrik ,
German: Der Schrei der Natur
Figure on cliffside walkway holding head with hands
Artist Edvard Munch
Year 1893
Blazon Oil, tempera, pastel and crayon on paper-thin
Movement Proto-Expressionism
Dimensions 91 cm × 73.v cm (36 in × 28.nine in)
Location National Gallery and Munch Museum, Oslo, Kingdom of norway

The Scream is the pop proper noun given to a composition created by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch in 1893. The agonized face up in the painting has get i of the nearly iconic images of art, seen as symbolizing the anxiety of the human being status. Munch'southward work, including The Scream, would become on to accept a formative influence on the Expressionist move.[1]

Munch recalled that he had been out for a walk at sunset when suddenly the setting sun's low-cal turned the clouds "a blood ruby-red". He sensed an "infinite scream passing through nature". Scholars have located the spot to a fjord overlooking Oslo[two] and have suggested other explanations for the unnaturally orange heaven, ranging from the furnishings of a volcanic eruption to a psychological reaction past Munch to his sister's delivery at a nearby lunatic asylum.

Munch created two versions in paint and two in pastels, as well as a lithograph stone from which several prints survive. Both painted versions take been stolen, but since recovered. One of the pastel versions allowable the quaternary highest nominal price paid for an artwork at a public auction. The Norwegian title is Skrik (Shriek), and the German language title was Der Schrei der Natur (The Scream of Nature).[three]

Sources of inspiration [edit]

In his diary in an entry headed "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch wrote:

One evening I was walking along a path, the city was on one side and the fjord below. I felt tired and ill. I stopped and looked out over the fjord – the sun was setting, and the clouds turning claret scarlet. I sensed a scream passing through nature; it seemed to me that I heard the scream. I painted this film, painted the clouds as bodily claret. The color shrieked. This became The Scream.[4]

He later described his inspiration for the epitome:

I was walking along the route with two friends – the sunday was setting – suddenly the sky turned blood red – I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence – there was blood and tongues of fire higher up the blue-black fjord and the city – my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety – and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature.[four] [5]

Amid theories advanced to account for the reddish heaven in the background is the creative person's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies cherry-red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade before Munch painted The Scream.[half-dozen] This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen. Another caption for the ruby skies is that they are due to the appearance of nacreous clouds which occur at the latitude of Norway and which expect remarkably similar to the skies depicted in The Scream.[7] [eight] Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a butchery and a lunatic aviary to the site depicted in the painting may take offered some inspiration.[9] The scene was identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, past the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the hill of Ekeberg.[10] At the fourth dimension of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the mental aviary at the foot of Ekeberg.

In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, skeletal creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris. This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands aslope its face up, too struck the imagination of Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for figures in more than than twenty of Gauguin'south paintings, among those the fundamental effigy in his painting Homo misery (Grape harvest at Arles) and for the onetime woman at the left in his painting Where Practise Nosotros Come up From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?.[xi] In 2004, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might accept seen a mummy in Florence'due south Museum of Natural History, which bears an even more than striking resemblance to the painting.[12] However, afterwards studies accept disputed the Italian theory, equally Munch did not visit Florence until after painting The Scream.[13]

The imagery of The Scream has been compared to that which an private suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one'southward self.[xiv]

Arthur Lubow has described The Scream equally "an icon of modern art, a Mona Lisa for our time."[15] It has been widely interpreted as representing the universal feet of modern humanity.[1]

Versions [edit]

Munch created 4 versions, two in pigment and 2 in pastels. The first painted version was the first exhibited, debuting in 1893. It is in the collection of the National Gallery of Norway in Oslo. This is the version that has the barely visible pencil inscription "Kan kun være malet af en gal Mand!" ("could simply have been painted past a madman"). A pastel version from that twelvemonth, which may have been a preliminary study, is in the collection of the Munch Museum, too in Oslo. The 2nd pastel version, from 1895, was owned by the German Jewish art collector Hugo Simon[16] who sold it to Norwegian transport owner Thomas Olsen "around 1937".[17] It was sold for $119,922,600 at Sotheby'due south Impressionist and Modern Art sale on ii May 2012 to financier Leon Black.[18] [nineteen] The auction was contested past the heirs of Hugo Simon.[twenty] [21] [22] The second painted version dates from 1910, during a period when Munch revisited some of his prior compositions.[23] It is as well in the collection of the Munch Museum. These versions have seldom traveled, though the 1895 pastel was exhibited at the Museum of Mod Art in New York from October 2012 to April 2013,[24] [25] and the 1893 pastel was exhibited at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam in 2015.[26]

Additionally, Munch created a lithograph stone of the limerick in 1895 from which several prints produced by Munch survive.[27] Just approximately iv dozen prints were fabricated earlier the original stone was resurfaced by the printer in Munch's absence.[28]

The fabric composition of the 1893 painted version was examined in 2010.[29] The pigment analysis revealed the use of cadmium xanthous, vermilion, ultramarine and viridian, amid other pigments in apply in the 19th century.[30]

Pencil inscription [edit]

Pencil inscription on the National Gallery of Norway's The Scream

The version held by the National Museum of Norway has a pencil inscription, in small lettering, in the upper left corner, saying "Kan kun være malet af en gal Mand!" ("could only have been painted by a madman"). It tin can only exist seen on shut examination of the painting. This had been presumed to be a comment past a critic or a visitor to an exhibition. It was first noticed when the painting was exhibited in Copenhagen in 1904, eleven years after this version was painted. Following infrared photography, study of the handwriting now shows that the comment was added by Munch. The theory has been put forward that Munch added the inscription later the disquisitional comments fabricated when the painting was first exhibited in Norway in Oct 1895. There is good testify that Munch was securely injure by that criticism, being sensitive to the mental illness that was prevalent in his family unit.[31]

Thefts [edit]

The Scream has been the target of a number of thefts and theft attempts. Some damage has been suffered in these thefts.

Two men breaking into the National Gallery, Oslo, to steal the gallery'due south version (1893 tempera on cardboard) of The Scream, Feb 1994

The Scream back in the National Gallery after recovery and before restoration, September 2006.

1994 theft [edit]

On 12 Feb 1994, the same day as the opening of the 1994 Wintertime Olympics in Lillehammer,[32] 2 men broke into the National Gallery, Oslo, and stole its version of The Scream, leaving a notation reading "Cheers for the poor security".[33] [34] The painting had been moved down to a 2nd-story gallery[35] as part of the Olympic festivities.[36] After the gallery refused to pay a bribe demand of United states of america$1 million in March 1994, Norwegian police set up a sting performance with aid from the British police (SO10) and the Getty Museum and the painting was recovered undamaged on 7 May 1994.[35] In January 1996, four men were convicted in connection with the theft, including Pål Enger [no], who had been bedevilled of stealing Munch'southward Vampire in 1988.[37] They were released on entreatment on legal grounds: the British agents involved in the sting performance had entered Norway under fake identities.[38]

2004 theft [edit]

The 1910 version of The Scream was stolen on 22 Baronial 2004, during daylight hours, when masked gunmen entered the Munch Museum in Oslo and stole it and Munch's Madonna.[39] A bystander photographed the robbers as they escaped to their car with the artwork. On eight April 2005, Norwegian police arrested a suspect in connectedness with the theft, just the paintings remained missing and it was rumored that they had been burned past the thieves to destroy bear witness.[40] [41] On 1 June 2005, with four suspects already in custody in connection with the crime, the urban center government of Oslo offered a reward of 2 million Norwegian krone (roughly The states$313,500 or €231,200) for information that could assistance locate the paintings.[42] Although the paintings remained missing, half-dozen men went on trial in early on 2006, variously charged with either helping to programme or participating in the robbery. 3 of the men were convicted and sentenced to between 4 and eight years in prison house in May 2006, and two of the convicted, Bjørn Hoen and Petter Tharaldsen, were also ordered to pay compensation of 750 million kroner (roughly U.s.$117.6 meg or €86.7 million) to the City of Oslo.[43] The Munch Museum was airtight for ten months for a security overhaul.[44]

On 31 August 2006, Norwegian police force announced that a police functioning had recovered both The Scream and Madonna, but did not reveal detailed circumstances of the recovery. The paintings were said to be in a better-than-expected status. "We are 100 percent certain they are the originals," police chief Iver Stensrud told a news briefing. "The impairment was much less than feared."[45] [46] Munch Museum director Ingebjørg Ydstie confirmed the condition of the paintings, saying information technology was much better than expected and that the damage could be repaired.[47] The Scream had moisture damage on the lower left corner, while Madonna suffered several tears on the right side of the painting too as ii holes in Madonna's arm.[48] Before repairs and restoration began, the paintings were put on public display past the Munch Museum beginning 27 September 2006. During the five-twenty-four hour period exhibition, 5,500 people viewed the damaged paintings. The conserved works went back on display on 23 May 2008, when the exhibition "Scream and Madonna – Revisited" at the Munch Museum in Oslo displayed the paintings together.[49] Some damage to The Scream may prove impossible to repair, but the overall integrity of the work has non been compromised.[50] [51]

In 2008 Idemitsu Petroleum Norge Equally committed an endowment of 4 million Norwegian krone towards the conservation, research and presentation of The Scream and Madonna.[52]

Record sale at sale [edit]

The 1895 pastel-on-board version of the work, owned by Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen, sold at Sotheby's in London for a record toll of nearly United states$120 million at auction on 2 May 2012.[53] [54] The bidding started at $40 1000000 and lasted for over 12 minutes when American man of affairs Leon Black by phone gave the final offer of US$119,922,500, including the heir-apparent's premium.[19] Sotheby's said the work was the virtually colorful and vibrant of the iv versions painted by Munch and the merely version whose frame was hand-painted by the artist to include his verse form, detailing the work's inspiration.[24] Afterward the auction, Sotheby's auctioneer Tobias Meyer said the work was "worth every penny", adding: "It is 1 of the great icons of art in the world and whoever bought it should be congratulated."[55]

The previous record for the most expensive work of art sold at sale had been held by Picasso'south Nude, Green Leaves and Bust, which went for US$106.v million at Christie'southward two years prior on 4 May 2010.[56] As of 2018, the pastel remains the fourth highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction.[57]

In popular culture [edit]

The mask from Scream (1996) was inspired past The Scream.

In the late twentieth century, The Scream was imitated, parodied, and (following the expiration of its copyright) outright copied, which led to information technology acquiring an iconic status in popular culture. Information technology was used on the comprehend of some editions of Arthur Janov'southward 1970 book The Primal Scream.[58]

In 1983–1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk screen prints copying works by Munch, including The Scream. His stated intention was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object. Munch had already begun that process, however, by making a lithograph of the work for reproduction. Erró'south ironic and irreverent treatment of Munch's masterpiece in his acrylic paintings The Second Scream (1967) and Ding Dong (1979) is considered a characteristic of post-modernistic fine art.[59] The expression of Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin) in the poster for the moving-picture show Home Solitary was inspired past The Scream.[ citation needed ]

The Ghostface mask worn by the primary antagonists of the Scream series of horror movies is based on the painting. It was created by Brigitte Sleiertin of the Fun World costume company for the Halloween market, prior to beingness discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the movie.[threescore]

The principal alien antagonists depicted in the 2011 BBC series of Dr. Who, named "The Silence", take an appearance partially based on The Scream.[61]

In 2013, The Scream was one of 4 paintings that the Norwegian postal service chose for a series of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of Edvard Munch's birth.[62] In 2018 Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis fabricated a musical based on the painting's theft starring Pål Enger who stole information technology in 1994.[63]

A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described equally the about painful condition in existence) have also adopted the image as a symbol of the condition.[64]

In about renderings, the emoji U+1F631 😱 FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR is made to resemble the subject of the painting.[65]

A simplified version of the subject field of the painting is one of the pictographs that was considered past the United states Section of Free energy for use equally a not-linguistic communication-specific symbol of danger in order to warn time to come human being civilizations of the presence of radioactive waste.[66]

The encompass art for the MGMT album Trivial Night Age possesses a effigy resembling the subject of the painting, albeit in clown-like makeup.[67]

Gallery [edit]

  • 1893, pastel on cardboard. As possibly the primeval execution of The Scream, this appears to be the version in which Munch mapped out the essentials of the composition.

  • 1893, oil, tempera and pastel on paper-thin. The offset version publicly displayed, and perhaps the most recognizable, it is located at the National Gallery in Oslo, Norway.

  • 1895, lithograph print. Virtually 45 prints were made before the printer repurposed the lithograph stone; a few were hand colored by Munch.

  • 1895, pastel on paper-thin. It was sold for nearly U.s.a.$120 1000000 at Sotheby's in 2012, and is in the private collection of Leon Black.

  • 1910, tempera on cardboard. This version was stolen from the Munch Museum in 2004, but recovered in 2006.

  • Undated, ink drawing. This composition, which features the central figure from The Scream is in the drove of the University Museum of Bergen.

See likewise [edit]

  • List of most expensive paintings
  • List of stolen paintings

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Eggum, Arne (1984). Munch, Edvard (ed.). Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies. New York, NY: C.N. Potter. p. 10. ISBN0-517-55617-0. Archived from the original on four June 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  2. ^ ( 59°54′02.4″North x°46′12.9″E  /  59.900667°N x.770250°Due east  / 59.900667; 10.770250 )
  3. ^ "Google Translate". {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b Stanska, Zuzanna (12 Dec 2016). "The Mysterious Road From Edvard Munch's The Scream". Daily Fine art Magazine . Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  5. ^ Peter Aspden (21 April 2012). "And so, what does 'The Scream' mean?". Fiscal Times.
  6. ^ Olson, Donald W.; Russell Fifty. Doescher; Marilynn S. Olson (May 2005). "The Claret-Red Sky of the Scream". APS News. American Physical Society. 13 (5). Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  7. ^ Svein Fikke (2017). "Screaming Clouds". Weather condition. 72 (5): 115–121. Bibcode:2017Wthr...72..115F. doi:10.1002/wea.2786. S2CID 125733901.
  8. ^ The Sky in Edvard Munch's The Scream
  9. ^ "Existential Superstar: Another look at Edvard Munch's The Scream" Slate.com Slate (22 Nov 2005). Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  10. ^ Egan, Bob. ""The Scream" (diverse media 1893–1910) – Edvard Munch – Painting Location: Oslo, Norway". PopSpots. Archived from the original on xi Baronial 2014.
  11. ^ "La momia de un sarcófago de la cultura Chachapoyas en la obra de Paul Gauguin". ResearchGate . Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  12. ^ "Italian Mummy Source of 'Scream'?". Discovery Channel. 7 September 2004. Archived from the original on eleven October 2004. Retrieved 12 Dec 2006. (waybacked mirror).
  13. ^ "Edvard Munch y la Momia de un sarcófago de la Cultura Chachapoyas". ResearchGate . Retrieved 12 Jan 2016.
  14. ^ Simeon, Daphne; Abugel, Jeffrey (2006). Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN0-nineteen-517022-ix.
  15. ^ Arthur Lubow, Edvard Munch: Across The Scream, Smithsonian magazine, March 2006, (retrieved 29 March 2013)
  16. ^ Noce, Vincent. "Le "Cri" de Munch à la criée". Libération (in French). Retrieved 17 Apr 2021. Ce Cri appartenait aux descendants d'un richissime armateur norvégien, Petter Olsen, qui 50'avait acheté au galeriste Hugo Simon en 1937.
  17. ^ Finkel, Yori (2 May 2012). "Edvard Munch's 'The Scream' goes for $119.9 million at Sotheby's". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on eight February 2020. Retrieved 17 Apr 2021. The first owner of the work sold at Sotheby'due south was German chicory and coffee mogul Arthur von Franquet, a patron who likewise endemic Munch'due south 1892 painting "Daughter by the Window," now at the Art Institute of Chicago. Its second owner was the Berlin banker and art collector Hugo Simon, who sold it through an art dealer around 1937 to Norwegian ship possessor Thomas Olsen.
  18. ^ Vogel, Ballad (ii May 2012). "'The Scream' Is Auctioned for a Tape $119.9 Million". The New York Times . Retrieved three May 2012.
  19. ^ a b Crow, Kelly (11 July 2012). "Munch's "The Scream" Sold to Financier Leon Blackness". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 August 2012. (subscription required)
  20. ^ JTA. "Jewish Family Wants 'The Scream' History Explained". The Forward. The Frontward. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2021. Hugo Simon owned the painting in the 1920s and 1930s, but the banker and peak fine art collector was to forced sell it and flee Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933. His heirs contested the auction before the auction in the spring, simply at present say it is a moral result and are calling on MoMA to explicate in its brandish the painting's "tragic history," the Post reported, citing Rafael Cardoso, a Brazilian curator and Simon'south great-grandson.
  21. ^ "News in Cursory". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  22. ^ Chung, Jen (14 October 2012). "Man Says MoMA's Loaned "Scream" Has A Nazi Past". Gothamist . Retrieved 17 April 2021. Cardoso tried to contest sale alee of the auction earlier this yr, saying, "It is obvious that Hugo Simon has sold the painting nether duress, probably nether value." He said that the seller's possessor, Petter Olsen, offered to donate $250,000 to a clemency of his pick
  23. ^ Ydstie, Ingebjørg (2008). "Introduction". The Scream. Munch Museum. p. 10. ISBN978-82-419-0532-2. ...has since been generally dated 1893. This appointment has been intensely disputed since the 1970s, however, and based on the general consensus on the professional person field, the Munch Museum has now decided to right its official standpoint, and presumes that 1910 is a more likely date of origin.
  24. ^ a b Carol Vogel (17 September 2012). "'Scream' to Go along View at MoMA". The New York Times . Retrieved eighteen September 2012.
  25. ^ "Edvard Munch: The Scream". Museum of Modern Fine art. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  26. ^ Jonathan Jones (23 September 2015). "Side past side, Edvard Munch and Vincent van Gogh scream the birth of expressionism". The Guardian . Retrieved xiv April 2018.
  27. ^ "The Scream". Becoming Edvard Munch – Influence, Feet, and Myth. Fine art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  28. ^ Alan Parker (2 May 2012). "Will The Real Scream Please Stand". Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved half dozen May 2012.
  29. ^ Brian Singer, Trond Aslaksby, Biljana Topalova-Casadiego and Eva Storevik Tveit, Investigation of Materials Used by Edvard Munch, Studies in Conservation 55, 2010, pp. 1–19. Bachelor besides on issuu.com
  30. ^ Edvard Munch, 'The Scream', ColourLex
  31. ^ "Could simply have been painted by a madman". National Museum of Kingdom of norway . Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  32. ^ Iqbal, Nosheen; Jonze, Tim (22 January 2020). "In pictures: The greatest art heists in history". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  33. ^ "four Norwegians Guilty In Theft of 'The Scream'". The New York Times. AP. 18 Jan 1996. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  34. ^ Alex Bello: From the archive, nine May 1994: Edvard Munch's stolen Scream recovered in cloak-and-dagger sting The Guardian, 9 May 2012
  35. ^ a b Dolnick, Edward (2005). The Rescue Artist: A Truthful Story of Art, Thieves, and the Chase for a Missing Masterpiece . HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-053117-one.
  36. ^ "On this mean solar day: Fine art thieves snatch Scream". BBC News Online. 12 February 1994. Retrieved 31 August 2006.
  37. ^ "Principal program". The Guardian. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 21 Dec 2007.
  38. ^ Matthew Hart, The Irish Game: A True Story of Crime and Art, Viking Canada, 2004, p. 184.
  39. ^ "Scream stolen from Kingdom of norway museum". BBC News. 22 August 2004. Retrieved 3 September 2006.
  40. ^ "Oslo police arrest Scream suspect". BBC News. eight April 2005. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  41. ^ "Famous Munch paintings destroyed?". Norway Mail service. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  42. ^ "Reward offered for Scream return". BBC News. one June 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  43. ^ "Three guilty of The Scream theft". BBC News. two May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  44. ^ "Entertainment | Scream theft museum reopens doors". BBC News. 18 June 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  45. ^ "Munch paintings recovered". Aftenposten. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  46. ^ "Stolen Munch paintings institute rubber". BBC News. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  47. ^ "Munch paintings 'can be repaired'". BBC News. ane September 2006. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  48. ^ "Museum to exhibit damaged Munch paintings". Aftenposten. 12 Oct 2006. Archived from the original on 4 Jan 2008. Retrieved 22 Dec 2007.
  49. ^ "Munch Museum". Munch.museum.no. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  50. ^ "About the conservation of The Scream and Madonna". Munch Museum. Archived from the original on 5 Jan 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  51. ^ "'The Scream' to become dorsum on display subsequently 2004 heist". AFP. three March 2008.
  52. ^ Ødegaard, Torger (2008). "Foreword". The Scream. Munch Museum. ISBN978-82-419-0532-2.
  53. ^ "'The Scream' Is Auctioned for a Record $119.9 Million". The New York Times. three May 2012.
  54. ^ "Top 10 Nearly Expensive Painting Ever Sold". NewsFlashing.com.
  55. ^ "Edvard Munch's iconic artwork The Scream sold for $120m". BBC News. BBC. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  56. ^ Michaud, Chris (iii May 2012). ""The Scream" sells for record $120 million at auction". Reuters . Retrieved iii May 2012.
  57. ^ Carol Vogel, At $142.4 Million, Triptych Is the Most Expensive Artwork Ever Sold at an Auction, The New York Times, 12 Nov 2013
  58. ^ Janov, Arthur (1977). The Cardinal Scream. New York: Abacus. ISBN0-349-11834-five.
  59. ^ "Scream on the Surface". Munch-Museet . Retrieved 29 May 2005.
  60. ^ Kendzior, Sarah (January 2000). "The Face up of "Scream"". Fangoria. Starlog Grouping Inc. (189): 29.
  61. ^ "Medico Who dominate says season commencement is 'darkest withal'". BBC. v Apr 2011. Retrieved vii Apr 2011.
  62. ^ NTB: Munchs «Skrik» blir frimerke (in Norwegian), 13 February 2013
  63. ^ Lea, Mathilde (ii April 2018). "Kunsttyv Pål Enger om "Skrik"-tyveriet i ny musikalsk sketsj: - Det var ikke politi i Oslo". Dagbladet.
  64. ^ "Facial Neuralgia Resources". Trigeminal Neuralgia Resource / Facial Neuralgia Resources. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  65. ^ "😱 Face Screaming in Fear". Emojipedia. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  66. ^ "Permanent Markers Implementation Plan. Baronial 19, 2004, United States Department of Energy Waste Isolation Pilot Plant" (PDF).
  67. ^ Claes, Koenraad (1 October 2018), "The Little Magazine as a Journal Portfolio: the Dial, the Infidel Review and the Page", The Late-Victorian Little Magazine, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 64–106, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474426213.003.0004, ISBN9781474426213, S2CID 181470552, retrieved three March 2022

Farther reading [edit]

  • Temkin, Ann (2012) The Scream: Edvard Munch, Museum of Modern Art
  • Heller, Reinhold (1973). Edvard Munch: The Scream. London: Allen Lane. ISBN978-07-139-0276-1.

External links [edit]

  • Edvard Munch – Biography and Paintings
  • Munch and The Scream – Discussion in the In Our Time series on the BBC.
  • The Scream – Zoomable version

reeksmorrect2001.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scream